6 results
21 - Accidental Hypothermia: the Need for the International Hypothermia Registry
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- By Beat H. Walpoth, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland, Marie Meyer, Dept. of Anesthesia, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland, Christophe Gaudet-Blavignac, Division of Medical Information Sciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland, Philippe Baumann, Division of Medical Information Sciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland, Pierre Gilquin, Division of Medical Information Sciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland, Christian Lovis, Division of Medical Information Sciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
- Edited by Sylweriusz Kosiński, Tomasz Darocha, Jerzy Sadowski, Rafał Drwiła
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- Book:
- Hypothermia: Clinical Aspects Of Body Cooling
- Published by:
- Jagiellonian University Press
- Published online:
- 03 January 2018
- Print publication:
- 01 December 2016, pp 179-182
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Summary
Accidental hypothermia can be of multiple aetiologies and is often related to an accident in a cold environment and contrasts with urban hypothermia. People living in the cold such as workers, fishermen and military personnel are at risk. More recently there is an increase in unprepared lay people practicing leisure activities such as winter sports, thus exposing themselves to hypothermia in case of an accident. Most of the cases concern mild hypothermia which does not need hospitalization or medical assistance. In contrast, deep hypothermia, with or without cardiac arrest, is rare and carries a high mortality in healthy adults and children [1, 2, 3].
Induced hypothermia which has been used for cardiac surgery as well as therapeutic hypothermia used for brain ischaemia, are medically indicated and highly monitored and therefore cannot be compared to accidental hypothermia. Patients with induced hypothermia may reach the same degree (< 28°C) but are in controlled narcosis and are normally cooled down and rewarmed by Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) [4]. Therapeutic hypothermia cools the patient to mild hypothermia (32–34°C) to enhance a better and faster functional brain recovery [5].
The concept of applying the technique of CPB rewarming, as used in induced deep hypothermic cardiac arrest, to victims of accidental hypothermia with temperatures below 28°C and cardio-respiratory arrest was initiated successfully by Prof. Ueli Althaus at the University Hospital Insel in Bern, Switzerland over 30 years ago [6]. Since that time our team and other Swiss universities started to use this method and we published a multi-centre study showing a long-term sequelae-free survival rate of 47% after rewarming of 32 deep accidental hypothermic patients in cardiac arrest using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) [7]. Due to the fact that many patients died from post-rewarming complications, we and others have shown the beneficial effect of using extra-corporeal life support (ECLS) such as prolonged ECMO use after rewarming for cardiovascular and pulmonary dysfunctions [8, 9].
12 - Review of Known Exoplanets
- from Part V - Exoplanets and Life in the Galaxy
- Edited by Chris Impey, University of Arizona, Jonathan Lunine, Cornell University, New York, José Funes, Vatican Observatory, Vatican City
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- Book:
- Frontiers of Astrobiology
- Published online:
- 05 December 2012
- Print publication:
- 15 November 2012, pp 250-265
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Summary
Introduction
For centuries and even millennia, mankind has been wondering whether there exist other worlds similar to ours populating the universe. Until about 1600 AD, these questions have remained outside the field of scientific investigation due to a lack of observational means able to address the issue. The situation began to evolve with the invention of optical instruments. It all started with Galileo Galilei, who made the first discoveries of new worlds using the first very modest telescopes. He discovered the four largest satellites of Jupiter, as tiny points of light that circle the giant planet. We are now able to measure the masses and radii of these satellites, compute their mean densities, and conclude that water ice is a major constituent of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
Galileo also found that the Milky Way is made of millions of stars. We now know that our Galaxy contains a few hundred billion stars, but critical questions remain: How many of them have planets? Just a few, or most of them? What if every star has planets like our Sun does? Would these planets be similar to the ones we know around the Sun? We are lucky enough to live in an era of large telescopes and powerful instruments, giving us for the first time the opportunity to try to answer these important questions. This chapter deals with the search and study of these extrasolar planets, worlds orbiting other stars beyond our Solar System.
The Spitzer search for the transits of HARPS low-mass planets
- Michaël Gillon, Brice-Olivier Demory, Drake Deming, Sara Seager, Christophe Lovis, the HARPS team
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 6 / Issue S276 / October 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 November 2011, pp. 167-170
- Print publication:
- October 2010
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Radial velocity, microlensing and transit surveys have revealed the existence of a large population of low-mass planets in our Galaxy, the so-called ‘Super-Earths’ and ‘Neptunes’. The understanding of these objects would greatly benefit from the detection of a few of them transiting bright nearby stars, making possible their thorough characterization with high signal-to-noise follow-up measurements. Our HARPS Doppler survey has now detected dozens of low-mass planets in close orbit around bright nearby stars, and it is highly probable that a few of them do transit their host star. In this context, we have set up an ambitious Spitzer program devoted to the search for the transits of the short period low-mass planets detected by HARPS. We present here this program and some of its first results.
The science of EChO
- Giovanna Tinetti, James Y-K. Cho, Caitlin A. Griffith, Olivier Grasset, Lee Grenfell, Tristan Guillot, Tommi T. Koskinen, Julianne I. Moses, David Pinfield, Jonathan Tennyson, Marcell Tessenyi, Robin Wordsworth, Alan Aylward, Roy van Boekel, Angioletta Coradini, Therese Encrenaz, Ignas Snellen, Maria R. Zapatero-Osorio, Jeroen Bouwman, Vincent Coudé du Foresto, Mercedes Lopez-Morales, Ingo Mueller-Wodarg, Enric Pallé, Franck Selsis, Alessandro Sozzetti, Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Thomas Henning, Michael Meyer, Giuseppina Micela, Ignasi Ribas, Daphne Stam, Mark Swain, Oliver Krause, Marc Ollivier, Emanuele Pace, Bruce Swinyard, Peter A.R. Ade, Nick Achilleos, Alberto Adriani, Craig B. Agnor, Cristina Afonso, Carlos Allende Prieto, Gaspar Bakos, Robert J. Barber, Michael Barlow, Peter Bernath, Bruno Bézard, Pascal Bordé, Linda R. Brown, Arnaud Cassan, Céline Cavarroc, Angela Ciaravella, Charles Cockell, Athéna Coustenis, Camilla Danielski, Leen Decin, Remco De Kok, Olivier Demangeon, Pieter Deroo, Peter Doel, Pierre Drossart, Leigh N. Fletcher, Matteo Focardi, Francois Forget, Steve Fossey, Pascal Fouqué, James Frith, Marina Galand, Patrick Gaulme, Jonay I. González Hernández, Davide Grassi, Matt J. Griffin, Ulrich Grözinger, Manuel Guedel, Pactrick Guio, Olivier Hainaut, Robert Hargreaves, Peter H. Hauschildt, Kevin Heng, David Heyrovsky, Ricardo Hueso, Pat Irwin, Lisa Kaltenegger, Patrick Kervella, David Kipping, Geza Kovacs, Antonino La Barbera, Helmut Lammer, Emmanuel Lellouch, Giuseppe Leto, Mercedes Lopez Morales, Miguel A. Lopez Valverde, Manuel Lopez-Puertas, Christophe Lovi, Antonio Maggio, Jean-Pierre Maillard, Jesus Maldonado Prado, Jean-Baptiste Marquette, Francisco J. Martin-Torres, Pierre Maxted, Steve Miller, Sergio Molinari, David Montes, Amaya Moro-Martin, Olivier Mousis, Napoléon Nguyen Tuong, Richard Nelson, Glenn S. Orton, Eric Pantin, Enzo Pascale, Stefano Pezzuto, Ennio Poretti, Raman Prinja, Loredana Prisinzano, Jean-Michel Réess, Ansgar Reiners, Benjamin Samuel, Jorge Sanz Forcada, Dimitar Sasselov, Giorgio Savini, Bruno Sicardy, Alan Smith, Lars Stixrude, Giovanni Strazzulla, Gautam Vasisht, Sandrine Vinatier, Serena Viti, Ingo Waldmann, Glenn J. White, Thomas Widemann, Roger Yelle, Yuk Yung, Sergey Yurchenko
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 6 / Issue S276 / October 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 November 2011, pp. 359-370
- Print publication:
- October 2010
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The science of extra-solar planets is one of the most rapidly changing areas of astrophysics and since 1995 the number of planets known has increased by almost two orders of magnitude. A combination of ground-based surveys and dedicated space missions has resulted in 560-plus planets being detected, and over 1200 that await confirmation. NASA's Kepler mission has opened up the possibility of discovering Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around some of the 100,000 stars it is surveying during its 3 to 4-year lifetime. The new ESA's Gaia mission is expected to discover thousands of new planets around stars within 200 parsecs of the Sun. The key challenge now is moving on from discovery, important though that remains, to characterisation: what are these planets actually like, and why are they as they are?
In the past ten years, we have learned how to obtain the first spectra of exoplanets using transit transmission and emission spectroscopy. With the high stability of Spitzer, Hubble, and large ground-based telescopes the spectra of bright close-in massive planets can be obtained and species like water vapour, methane, carbon monoxide and dioxide have been detected. With transit science came the first tangible remote sensing of these planetary bodies and so one can start to extrapolate from what has been learnt from Solar System probes to what one might plan to learn about their faraway siblings. As we learn more about the atmospheres, surfaces and near-surfaces of these remote bodies, we will begin to build up a clearer picture of their construction, history and suitability for life.
The Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory, EChO, will be the first dedicated mission to investigate the physics and chemistry of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. By characterising spectroscopically more bodies in different environments we will take detailed planetology out of the Solar System and into the Galaxy as a whole.
EChO has now been selected by the European Space Agency to be assessed as one of four M3 mission candidates.
Hunting for the lowest-mass exoplanets
- Francesco Pepe, Michel Mayor, Christophe Lovis, Willy Benz, François Bouchy, Xavier Dumusque, Didier Queloz, Nuno C. Santos, Damien Ségransan, Stéphane Udry
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 6 / Issue S276 / October 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 November 2011, pp. 13-24
- Print publication:
- October 2010
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In order to understand general planet characteristics and constrain formation models it is necessary to scan over the widest possible parameter range of discovered systems. Due to detection biases, the domain of very-low mass planets had remained poorly explored. Only with improving measurement precision it has been possible to enter in the sub-Neptune mass range. The HARPS planet search program has been particularly efficient in detecting such ice giants and super earths. The present talk will summarize the obtained results and the characteristics of the low-mass population of exoplanets.
13 - From hot Jupiters to hot Neptunes … and below
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- By Christophe Lovis, Observatoire de Genève, Switzerland, Michel Mayor, Observatoire de Genève, Switzerland, Stéphane Udry, Observatoire de Genève, Switzerland
- Edited by Hubert Klahr, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Germany
- Wolfgang Brandner, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Germany
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- Book:
- Planet Formation
- Published online:
- 14 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 08 June 2006, pp 203-215
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Summary
Recent improvements in radial velocity precision
Since the first discovery of an extrasolar planet around a Solar-type star ten years ago (Mayor and Queloz, 1995), research in this field has been very productive and has led to the detection of more than 140 exoplanets. The vast majority of these discoveries has been made with the radial-velocity (RV) technique, i.e. the precise measurement of the RV wobble that a planet induces in its parent star due to its orbital movement. A major effort to improve the accuracy of the RV measurements has been undertaken by several groups, since this is absolutely necessary to detect the RV signatures of giant planets, in the range 1–100 ms−1. Two main techniques were developed: one using a ThAr calibration simultaneously with each observation (Baranne et al., 1996) to track instrumental drifts, and one using an iodine absorption cell, superimposing a reference spectrum on the stellar spectrum (Butler et al., 1996). Both techniques have been able to deliver RV precision at the level of ∼3 ms−1, opening the way to the discovery of many planetary systems.
Over the past decade, the exoplanet group at Geneva Observatory has been operating two high-resolution spectrographs able to achieve high RV precision, namely the ELODIE instrument mounted on the 1.93 m telescope at Observatoire de Haute-Provence (France), and the CORALIE instrument installed on the Swiss 1.2 m telescope at La Silla Observatory (Chile). Both ELODIE and CORALIE are high-resolution (R = 50 000), fiber-fed echelle spectrographs.